International Journal of Agricultural Sciences

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 4 (2), pp. 121-124, February, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Analysis of value added on domestic livestock and livestock waste management revenue in Bali, Indonesia

I Nyoman Gede Ustriyana

Doctorate Program on Agricultural Science, School of Postgraduate Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 21 January, 2014

Abstract

Relatively localized farm will create pollution to the environment. This pollution is unwell due to management of waste, but if it is managed properly, these wastes will provide added value and revenue for farm business and surrounding environment. The research aims to find out how waste management results from breeder farms conducted by taking the case in the village of Babahan, Penebel District, Tabanan Regency. Data collected include waste processing through composting techniques, results and earnings from business conducted composting breeder. The results showed that livestock waste can be processed into organic fertilizer and has added value and revenue for farmers.

Key words: Management of waste, livestock waste, value added, operating revenue, composting fertilizer. 

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 4 (2), pp. 111-120, February, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Review 

Silicon to silica bodies and their potential roles: An overview 

Sheikh Abdul Shakoor 

Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (Pb) India-143005. E-mail: [email protected] 

Accepted 7 January, 2014

Abstract

Plants have a unique capability to deposit Silicon (Si) within and between the cells as silica and thus creating casts of the cells commonly known as Silica bodies or Phytoliths (Plant stones). Silicon is present in plants in amounts equivalent to calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and is the second most abundant element after oxygen in soil. In Poaceae (Grass family) Si often is present in higher quantity than any other inorganic constituent. Yet except for certain algae, including prominently the diatoms and the Equisetaceae (horsetails or scouring rushes), it is not considered an essential element for plants. As a result it is being routinely omitted from formulations of culture solutions and considered a nonentity in much of plant nutrition research, which ultimately has lead to negative impacts on the proper growth and development of the plants. Silicon-deprived plants grown in conventional nutrient solutions to which silicon has not been added are in many ways experimental artifacts. They are often structurally weaker than silicon enriched plants, abnormal in growth, development, viability and reproduction. Furthermore, such plants are susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses such as metal toxicities and prey easily to disease organisms and to herbivores ranging from phytophagous insects to mammals. Hence, the above mentioned points necessitate reviewing the background of silica in plants, its essentiality, cycling and potential roles in plant life.

Key words: Silicon, silicic acid, silica, silica bodies, phytoliths.

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 4 (2), pp. 106-110, February, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper 

Assessment of milk production and reproductive performances in urban and secondary town dairy production systems in Adama milk shed, East Shoa Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia

Nigusu Fekade*¹ and Yoseph Mekasha²

¹Department of Animal science, Faculty of Agriculture and Assosa University, Po. Box 18, Assosa, Ethiopia.

²International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Po. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

*Corrsponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 22 January, 2014

Abstract

The study was conducted at Adama milk shed, Oromia regional state of Ethiopia, in March 1-30, 2012. The objective of the study was; to evaluate milk production and reproductive performances of crossbred dairy cows in urban and secondary town dairy production systems. A total of 145 farms having crossbreed cows, 62 from urban farms and 83 from secondary town farms were considered. Total herd size, number of milking cows in the farm and the specialized inputs that farms use, were used to stratify farms into small (less than 3), medium (3 to 10) and large farms (more than 10 cattle).  Farm owners were interviewed using structured questionnaires. The results indicated overall mean daily milk yield (14.1±4.3L) and lactation length (10.9±0.1months). While, age at first mating, age at first calving, calving interval and days open were 20.4±0.3 months, 30.7±0.3months, 13.6±0.1months, and 101.6±2.3days, respectively. Mean daily milk yield was significantly (P< 0.001) varied between production systems, genotype, herd size and parity. Moreover, genotype exerted significant (P< 0.001) effect on the respective reproductive parameters. Further improvement of routine management activities and applying breed improvement strategies could be addressed to exploit the optimum level of milk production and reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows.

Key words: Crossbreds, milk yield, reproductive, secondary town, urban.

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 4 (2), pp. 090-101, February, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Development of a low fat sugar free frozen Dessert

Suneeta Pinto and Dharaiya C.N.

Dairy Technology Dept., SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Anand- 388 110, India.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 04 November, 2013

Abstract

A study was carried out to assess the effect of use of intense sweetener in the manufacture of low fat frozen dessert, with the intention of developing appropriate technology for the manufacture of a dietetic frozen dessert. The control (C) was formulated to contain 4.5% milk fat, 11.75% milk solids not fat (MSNF), 1.25% whey protein concentrate-70 (WPC-70), 15% sucrose, 0.2% sodium alginate and 0.2% glycerol monostearate.  In the experimental products sucralose was used as a sweetener in place of sucrose at the rate of 0.015%. Bulk fillers viz. polydextrose (PD), maltodextrin (MD) and sorbitol (SO) were used in different combinations viz. R1 (6% PD, 3% MD, 6% SO), R2 (7% PD, 2% MD, 6% SO) and R3 (8% PD, 1% MD, 6% SO) the other ingredients being same as that of the basic frozen dessert mixture with the exception of sucrose. Vanilla flavour was used as flavouring in all the products. All the mixtures and the frozen products were analyzed for their physico-chemical and sensory characteristics. From amongst all the experimental samples, R2 was preferred the most. Use of 7% PD, 2% MD and 6% SO and 0.015% sucralose is advocated for manufacture of sugar free frozen dessert. Substitution of sucrose with bulk fillers resulted in 20% reduction in calories in the sugar free product. The calorific value of the developed sugar free product i.e. R2 was 118.19 vs. 197.13 k cal for an average ice cream.

Key words: Frozen dessert, sugar free, low fat, WPC-70, polydextrose, maltodextrin, sorbitol, bulk fillers.

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 4 (1), pp. 083-089, January 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Salinity tolerance level of GIFU tilapia strain (Oreochromis niloticus) at juvenile stage

Monjurul Hasan, Bhakta Supratim Sarker, K. M. Shahriar Nazrul^1* and Umma Salma Tonny¹

Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh.

¹Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh.

*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]. Tel. +8801717162260

Accepted 06 December, 2013

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine the salinity tolerance level at juvenile stage of Nile tilapia strain, GIFU. Juveniles of GIFU tilapia were subjected to five salinity levels for a period of 24 days. A total of 150 hatched fry of GIFU tilapia with initial individual weight of 0.013 g were stocked in 5 jars of 10 liter capacity for the experiment. Feed were given at a rate of 13% of total body weight per day containing 40% crude protein. Room and water temperature was maintained at 30 ± 2°C and 28±2°C respectively. Water was exchanged at the rate of 30% per day. At the end of experiment result showed that both growth and survival rate of fry were recorded highest at 0ppt salinity and lowest at 15ppt salinity respectively. Both growth and survival rate at 5ppt salinity was found better than 10ppt and 15ppt salinity. This finding suggests that juveniles of GIFU tilapia strain could survive well up to 5ppt salinity. Temperature was not found to be a significant factor either on survival rate or growth performance. The obtained results clearly indicate that, GIFU tilapia has lower ability to higher salinity tolerance at juvenile stage.

Key words: Salinity tolerance, GIFU tilapia, juvenile stage, survival rate, growth rate.

International Journal of Agricultural Sciences ISSN: 2167-0447 Vol. 4 (1), pp. 077-082, January, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Validation of SSR markers associated with QTLs for pod and kernel traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

B.K. Anitha*, N. Manivannan and C.R. Anandakumar

Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding Author. Email: [email protected]

Accepted 11 October, 2013

Abstract

A set of 64 groundnut genotypes were used to validate reported  molecular markers associated with QTLs of  pod and kernel traits viz., PM36, PGS19D09 and IPAHM103 for oil content (percent); PM375 for 100-pod weight (g), pod length (mm) and kernel length (mm); PM137, PGS19D09; PM384 for 100-kernel weight (g) and PM45 for days to maturity.  Genotype data were generated using 64 genotypes and the seven markers associated with various phenotypic traits. Phenotyping of the studied material was accomplished during post rainy season, 2011-12. Single marker analysis was performed to ascertain the relationship between the marker and traits. The results indicated that markers PM36, IPAHM103 and PGS19D09 for oil content; PM375 for 100-pod weight, pod length and kernel length; PM137 and PM384 for 100-kernel weight explained more than 10 percent of phenotypic variation.  In addition, these markers also showed association with other traits.  Hence these markers could be considered as a potential tool for marker assisted breeding in groundnut.

Key words: Groundnut, pod and kernel traits, QTLs, single marker analysis, phenotypes.