International Journal of Agroforestry and Silviculture

International Journal of Agroforestry and Silviculture ISSN 2375-1096 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-015, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Early tests on tolerant kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes selection for drought stress

Kamel Ben Mbarek¹*, Mohsen Boubaker² and Tijani Mehoichi¹

¹High Agronomic Institute; BP 47, 4042 Chott-Mariem - Sousse – Tunisia.

²Agriculture University of Mograne, 1120, Zaghouan, Tunisie.

Accepted 21 October, 2018

Abstract

In order to determine early selection parameters for drought stress tolerance, an experiment was carried out, in situ, in pots under controlled climatic conditions. Drought stress tolerance of eight “kabuli” chickpea type accessions (Béja1, Amdoun 1, Nayer, Kasseb, Bochra, FLIP96-114C, FLIP88-42C and ILC3279) was evaluated with four amounts of irrigation: 100, 75, 50 and 25% of the water reserve easily usable (WREU). The assessment of the drought stress intensity on the chickpea genotypes was based on four parameters namely: the relative water content, the foliar index, the chlorophylls (a and b) contents and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. The first three parameters require destructive vegetable material techniques and various handling which can bring about many errors. On the other hand, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters have the advantage of being non-destructive, direct reading, reliable and rapid. The results analysis showed that the drought stress has negatively affected all the studied parameters. The chickpea genotypes had a broad genotypic variability toward the drought stress and various physiological and chlorophyll fluorescence answers. The identification of the drought stress tolerant genotypes appears complicated and uncertain. The drought tolerance index showed that genotypes: ILC3279, Béja1 and Nayer are the most tolerant; whereas FLIP96-114C, FLIP88-42C and Kasseb are the most sensitive.

Key words: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L), early tests, selection, drought tolerance.

International Journal of Agroforestry and Silviculture ISSN 2375-1096 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Toxicology of baytril (enrofloxacin)

Ebrahim Babaahmady¹ and Afra Khosravi²*

¹Pathology Department, Faculty of Veternary, University of Ilam, Ilam, Iran.

²Immunology Department, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.

Accepted 15 November, 2018

Abstract

The prophylactic use of drugs, chemicals and biological substances is necessary to meet the sanitation standards used to maintain high levels of health status. The aim of this article was to present the basic data of the active substance, enrofloxacin, the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and also the pharmacological safety of this drug. Enrofloxacin as a molecule belonging to the quinolone antimicrobial family is a wide spectrum antibiotic that inhibits DNA gyrase activity in bacterial cells with bactericidal effect. It is at the center of growing attention because of its potential efficacy for the treatment of diseases. This drug is a fluorinated quinolone carboxylic acid derivative, traded as baytril, which has been widely used in veterinary medicine because of its broad spectrum activity. Enrofloxacin has extensively been tested for its safety and it was proven that this medication is rarely toxic in both intravenous and oral routes. Significant side effects occurred only in laboratory animals having a 10 times higher than the recommended dose. The active substance is not teratogenic or mutagenic and in most scientific findings, there is no evidence of a potential risk to applicators and consumers. As a conclusion it can be used in different administration routes in farm animals against a wide range of microorganism but it is important to say that enrofloxacin has not been shown to be safe for use in poultry as Campylobacter infections resistant to fluoroquinolones has increased significantly since the use of enrofloxacin in poultry was approved.

Key words: Enrofloxacin, spectrum, safety, teratogenic, mutagenic.

International Journal of Agroforestry and Silviculture ISSN 2375-1096 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Stock of Prunus africana stems on the mount Cameroon forest

Jean Lagarde BETTI¹*, Salomon Janvier BELINGA² and Dagobert SAMBA²

¹Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Douala, BP 24 157 Cameroon.

²Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, Cameroon.

Accepted 21 October, 2018

Abstract

Prunus africana is a species of the Rosaceae family, known under its trade/pilot name as pygeum or African cherry. The bark is the major source of an extract used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, an increasingly common health problem in older men in the western world. A study for estimating the stock of the stems of P. africana was carried out in December 2010 – February 2011 on the Mount Cameroon forest, vast of 22 881.085 ha. The management inventory was conducted with a sampling intensity of 1.11% using the “Adaptive Clusters Sampling (ACS)” method. The average density of Prunus obtained is 3.43 stems/ha. The highest density of Prunus trees is recorded inside the national park of Mount Cameroon and is at least 1.5 times more higher than the density of trees recorded outside the park. This shows the key role of the Mount Cameroon national park in the conservation of P. africana. The total number of 79 660 Prunus trees was estimated, with 41 042 trees (51.52%) being the exploitable stock that can be harvested in sustainable manner by trade companies.

Key words: Threatened species, Prunus africana, Mount Cameroon, stock, adaptive clusters sampling, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).

International Journal of Agroforestry and Silviculture ISSN 2375-1096 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-008, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Rooting and vegetative growth responses of “difficult-to-root” Ixora coccinea and Ficus benjamina cv. "starlight‟ to different stem cutting types and soilless media

Idun I. A., Kumah P. and Adzraku H. V.

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

Accepted 09 September, 2018

Abstract

Studies were carried out at the Department of Horticulture, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, to determine the rooting and vegetative growth responses of different stem cutting types (heel and straight) of Ixora coccinea and Ficus benjamina cv. „Starlight‟ to different soilless media formulations over a 10-week period. Two experiments of a 2 × 6 factorial in randomised complete block design, replicated three times, were used. The different media formulated were 100% topsoil (control), 100% palmix (palm waste that is, bunch, fibre and mill mud), 50% teak sawdust + 50% coconut coir, 50% palmix + 50% coconut coir, 50% palmix + 50% teak sawdust and 50% palmix + 25% teak sawdust + 25% coconut coir. The study revealed that 50% teak sawdust + 50% coconut coir was the best soilless medium, in terms of physical and chemical properties, and produced the highest number of leaves (2.59) in I. coccinea. Also, 50% palmix + 25% teak sawdust + 25% coconut coir medium had more survived cuttings (1.13) and produced the longest root (1.05 cm) per cutting in F. benjamina cv. „Starlight‟. The heel stem cutting produced higher number of leaves (2.32), eight weeks after planting, in Ixora coccinea while straight stem cuttings produced more leaves (2.49) in F. benjamina cv. „Starlight‟ four weeks after planting.

Keys words: Ixora coccinea, Ficus benjamina cv. „Starlight‟, media effect, stem cutting types.

International Journal of Agroforestry and Silviculture ISSN 2375-1096 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Establishment of high-elevation fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens Pursh Nutt.) ecotypes in Northern Mexico´s oak-bunchgrass rangelands

Rubén Alfonso Saucedo-Teran¹*, Jose Luis Javier Badillo-Almaraz², Hector Rubio-Arias² and Pedro Jurado-Guerra¹

¹National Institute for Research in Forestry, Agriculture and Animal Production. Km. 33 Carretera Chihuahua-Ojinaga. Villa Aldama, Chihuahua, C.P. 32910. Mexico.

²College of Zootechnology and Ecology, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Mexico. Carretera Chihuahua-Cuauhtemoc, Km 1 Chihuahua, Mexico.

Accepted 02 September, 2018

Abstract

In Mexico, fourwing saltbush grows in shrubland ecosystems where the highest elevation is approximately 1,500 m, while in the United States of America (USA) it is found up to 2,400 m elevations. The objective was to evaluate the growth and survival of the Sandoval, Grants and Trinidad ecotypes in Mexico’s oak-bunchgrassland, as well as to characterize the soils of two high-elevation sites in southwest United States where fourwing saltbush grows. The ecotypes were collected at elevations of about 1,800 m in the USA. Based on the habitat-specific-seed data, two ranches in Chihuahua, México were selected for evaluation of the ecotypes; the Santa Monica ranch (RSM) and El Saucito ranch (RES). Fourwing saltbush plants were grown in a nursery and then transplanted in August 2005 when the plants reached about 20 cm in height. An analysis of variance was performed considering a random block design and mean separation was done using a Duncan test. Two years after transplanting, in the Santa Monica ranch plants reached 103, 91 and 75 cm height, while survival was 73, 66, and 73% for Sandoval, Grants, and Trinidad ecotypes, respectively. Soil texture and weed competition were the main variables affecting fourwing saltbush. At the El Saucito ranch, plants reached 29, 25 and 28 cm in height with survival of 24, 55 and 55% for the same ecotypes. Soil depth and intense grazing probably affected fourwing saltbush performance. The three ecotypes may be used in some specific environmental ecosystems; nevertheless, soil characteristics and management should be considered to reduce uncertainty and increase success.

Key words: Fourwing saltbush, plant height, survival, altitude, soil texture.

International Journal of Agroforestry and Silviculture ISSN 2375-1096 Vol. 7 (1), pp. 001-004, January, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Chemical composition of green foliage biomass of three agroforestry shrub species grown in Dello-menna district of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia

Wondmagegn Bekele¹ and Lisanework Nigatu²

¹Sinana Agricultural Research Center of Agroforestry Research team, Bale-robe Ethiopia.

²Haramaya University School of Natural Resource Management and Environmental sciences, Haramaya, Ethiopia.

Accepted 03 December, 2018

Abstract

The main objective of any agroforestry system is the use of foliage/pruning biomasses as source of nutrients for crop production. Foliage biomass sourced from woody component shows considerable quality variation among species. Hence, better productive agroforestry land use remains on the identification and use of the desirable species foliage biomass perceiving higher quality. Study was designed to examine the quality of three agroforestry shrub species foliage biomass based on macronutrient and common chemical quality index composition. The studied species were Cajanus cajan, Sesbania sesban and Flemingia macrophylla. To do so fully mature green foliage with petioles was collected from all crown parts of mother plants. The collected foliage biomass was analyzed for their macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, C) and quality indices (Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin, LCI and poly-phenol) compositions. Results from statistical analyses showed a significant (p<0.05) variations among species except for poly-phenol. In this respect the composition ranged from 2.13 to 2.74% for N, 0.33 to 1.28% for P, 0.4 to 1.04% for K, 0.3 to 1.72% for Ca, 0.21 to 0.24% for Mg, 45.08 to 47.25% for C, 13.7 to 23.6% for hemicellulose,1.85 to 14.53% for cellulose,7.71 to 22.3% for lignin, 0.33 to 0.38% for LCI, 0.6 to 0.86% for poly-phenol, 0.1 to 0.74% for tannin, 13.29 to 17.15% for crude protein and 16.44 to 22.43% for C/N ratios. The observed variation may be due to the species inherent physiological ability in the rate of nutrient uptake from soil. In the study foliage biomass sourced from S.sesban was identified as highly suitable species with regard to crop nutrient supply followed by C.cajan and F.macrophylla respectively.

Keywords: Cajanus cajan, Flemingia macrophylla, Sesbania sesban, Quality indices, Nutrient