International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences

International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences ISSN: 2167-0404, Vol. 2(1), pp. 053-058, 24 January, 2012. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Cytotoxic Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoflakes (ZNO NFS) in Human Muscle Carcinoma

Syed M. Usman Ali ^{1, 4}, M. Fakhar-e-Alam ^{1, 2}, Z.Wazir²,M. Kashif³, M. Atif ², Magnus Willander ¹ and W. A. Syed² 

¹Physical Electronics and Nanotechnology Division, Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden

²Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad

³Nano Biochip Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.

⁴Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi-75270, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Received October 29, 2011; Accepted January 24, 2012

Abstract

Cytotoxicity of bare and conjugation of Tween-80 capsulated nanomaterials e.g. zinc oxide nanoflakes (ZnO NFs), iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe₂O₃ NPs) was examined in dark as well as under light exposure in cell model of immature human muscle carcinoma (RD) via microinjection and free standing drug delivery system. ZnO NFs were grown on the tip of a capillary and characterized by applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique and the tip was used as pointer to insert chemicals into cell to visualize/assess the emission of reactive oxygen species (ROS) especially from mitochondria. Bare and conjugated ZnO NFs with δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) were irradiated /excited with UV light after cellular uptake, reactive oxygen species were generated. We deduct that ROS is damaging mitochondria resulting in cell necrosis within few minutes. ZnO NFs are not biosafe and have significant toxic effects for both normal as well as cancer cell especially for rhybdomyosarcoma cell line (RD).

Keywords:  atomic force microscopy (AFM), δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), human muscle carcinoma (RD cells), Zinc Oxide nanoflakes ZnO NFs.

 International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences ISSN: 2167-0404, Vol. 2 (1), pp. 042-046, 27 January, 2012.  © International Scholars Journals 

Full Length Research Paper

Clinical Characteristics of Intermittent Exotropia

Alshaarawi M.A¹. Salem, Faudziah Abd Manan², Syed Wasif Gillani³ and Nadiah Wan-Arfah⁴

¹ Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

² Department of Optometry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

³ Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, 11800, Malaysia.

⁴Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia

Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Received January 4, 2012; Accepted January 26, 2012

Abstract

Purpose: To examine the clinical characteristics of intermittent exotropia in subjects of 6 to 30 years old.

Design: A cross sectional study

Methods: A study was conducted at Binocular Vision Clinic in Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM) which involved 30 subjects in intermittent exotropia group and 30 subjects from control group. Non-probability sampling was applied. The ocular parameters included refractive error, measurement of visual acuity for distance and near, assessment of ocular deviation at near and distance employing the cover test and prism cover test, measurement of negative and positive fusional reserves using a prism bar and measurement of amplitude of accommodation using RAF rule. Other than that the ocular motility at nine positions of gaze was also examined, including assessment of binocularly by means of a TNO test for near vision and a Worth-4-Dots test for distant vision. Independent t test and Mann whitney test were used in data analysis.

Results: There were significant differences for visual acuity at 6m, amplitude of accommodation, vergence for 6m and 40cm for prism cover test, stereopsis and near point convergences (NPC) between intermittent exotropia and control groups.

Conclusion: The findings concluded that female are the most common in both groups’ intermittent exotropia subjects and the non squint subjects and the majority is Malay subjects.

Keywords: Exotropia, ocular parameters, clinical characteristics, Malaysia, ethnicity 

International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences Vol. 1(2), pp. 038-431, 27 December, 2011, ISSN: 2167-0404 © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Difference in learning style preference of medical, dental and B pharma students

Behera Joshil Kumar,  Sood Sushma , Kumar Naresh , Behera Binod Kumar, Singh Ajay and Sharma Kirti 

¹Department of a-Physiology, b-preventive and social medicine, Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana,India

²Department of Physiology,P.G.I.M.S. Rohtak.Haryana.India. Phone numbers 09812611899

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

 Received 25 October 2011; Accepted December 22, 2011

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of the study was to analyze the learning styles and the difference if any between medical, dental and B Pharmaceutical students.

Methods: 112 medical, 110dental and 106 B pharma students were studied in each group. Each of the group completed the VARK  (visual, auditory, read-write and kinesthetic) questionnaire and their learning style was analyzed. Then the values of each group were compared to get the result. The goal was to identify the preferred learning pattern and to attempt to improve the teaching methods.  

Results:   statistically one way ANOVA was applied to study the data generated. The results reflect that there is predominance of kinesthetic learners individually though not significant.  When multimodal group as a whole compared to unimodal groups there was significant difference seen.

Conclusion:  This study corroborates the findings of previous studies done on this subject. The study also underlines the need to adopt varied pattern of teaching  to cater different groups of learner in different as well as different groups.

Keywords:  Dental, medical, B pharmaceutical, learning style and VARK

Keywords: Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, EGD, Bean syndrome, cavernous hemangioma. 

International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences Vol. 1(1), pp. 004-011, 27 November, 2011, ISSN: 2167-0404 © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

CARD15/NOD2 polymorphisms differ among Polish Crohn’s disease (CD) and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients

Ludwika Jakubowska-Burek¹, Marta Kaczmarek-Rys², Justyna Hoppe-Golebiewska², Elzbieta Kaczmarek³, Marcin A. Kucharski¹, Szymon Hryhorowicz⁴, Ryszard Slomski^2,5, Jerzy Sowinski⁶, Krzysztof Linke¹, Katarzyna Ziemnicka⁶, Agnieszka Dobrowolska-Zachwieja¹

¹ Department of Gastroenterology, Human Nutrition and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland

²Institute for Human Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland

³Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Dabrowskiego 79, 60-529 Poznan, Poland

⁴ The NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznań, Poland

⁵Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Natural Sciences in Poznan, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland

⁶Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland

*Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]

Received 27 October 2011; Accepted 20 November, 2011

Abstract 

Recent studies proved that mutations in the CARD15/NOD2 gene can increase the risk for different malignancies, e.g. bowel, lung and breast cancer. Although many correlations between CARD15/NOD2 and malignancies have been investigated, so far no association between inflammatory bowel diseases and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) among Polish patients have been done. The aim of this study was to investigate two polymorphisms in CARD15/NOD2 gene: rs2066842 (p.Pro268Ser, c.802C>T), rs2066845 (p.Gly908Arg, c.2722G>C) and one frameshift mutation rs5743293 (p.Leu1007fsinsC, c.3019_3020insC) among two groups of patients: Crohn’s disease and differentiated thyroid cancer. A total of 591 individuals were enrolled in this study: 193 DTC patients (35 men and 158 women), 185 CD patients (96 women, 89 men) and 213 individuals in population group (107 male and 106 female). Genotyping and statistical analysis for all the investigated individuals was performed. This study confirmed the results obtained in previous investigations about the role of CARD15/NOD2 gene in CD, but did not revealed relations between CARD15/NOD2 gene and DTC.

Key Words: inflammatory bowel diseases, differentiated thyroid cancer, CARD15/NOD2

International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences Vol. 1(2), pp. 031- 034, 27 December, 2011, ISSN: 2167-0404 © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Risk of Depression and Subjective Quality of Life among Attendees of a West African Glaucoma Clinic

Taiwo .O. Akindipe¹, Olatunji .F. Aina²_, and Adeola .O. Onakoya³

¹ MBBS, FMCPsych, FWACP (Specialist Senior Registrar, Psychiatry). Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa {formerly with Dept of Psychiatry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-Araba, Lagos}.

² MBBS, FWACP (Associate Professor/ Consultant Psychiatrist). Dept. of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos (CMUL), Lagos

³ MBBS, FWACS (Senior Lecturer/ Consultant Ophthalmologist). Dept of Ophthalmology (Guiness Eye Centre), CMUL/ LUTH, Lagos.

*Corresponding Author's  E-mail: [email protected]

Received November 28, 2011; Accepted December 23, 2011

Abstract

Background: Glaucoma is a common cause of blindness. Particularly in West Africa where most affected patients present late in the clinic, glaucoma is often associated with psychological complications with possible effect on quality of life.

Methods: The study was carried out in the glaucoma clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital on consenting attendees aged ≥18 years. Equal number of age and sex-matched controls with the diagnosis of cataract were also recruited into the study from the general ophthalmology clinic. The subjects and controls were assessed with Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and World Health Organization Quality of Life-bref (WHOQoL-bref). 

Results:  A total of one hundred subjects with glaucoma and equal number of controls were studied. The median age of the subjects was 59.0 years with near equal sex distribution, that is 51 (51%) males and 49 (49%) females. Nearly half, 49 (49%) had severe glaucoma. Forty seven (47%) had visual impairment; with 21 (21%) having blindness in one eye and 3 (3%) with blindness in both eyes. On assessment with SDS, 22 (22%) subjects and 11 (11%) controls scored ≥40, indicating positive screen for depression. The difference was statistically significant (X²=4.391, df=1, p=0.036). From assessment with WHOQoL-bref, the overall quality of life was poor in 27 (27%) of subjects compared with 8 (8%) controls. Fifty six (56%) of subjects and eighty (80%) of controls had fair overall quality of life; and the difference was statistically significant (X²=15.412, df=2, p=0.0001).  

Conclusion: The study showed risk of depression with overall poor quality of life in relatively greater number of subjects compared to controls. It is also noted that nearly half of the subjects presented late with severe glaucoma in the study centre. It is recommended for routine screening for early detection of glaucoma among at risk subjects; and health education for affected patients to present early for necessary management.

Key Words: Glaucoma; Depression; Quality of Life; West Africa.