International Journal of Law and Legal Studies

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 10 (8), pp. 001-005, August, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Critical analysis of press freedom in Pakistan

Syed Abdul Siraj

Mass Communication, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 17 June, 2022

Abstract

Press freedom has never been consistent in Pakistan. Different regimes used legal and constitutional means to control the press from public debate and criticism. In it sixty years of history, Pakistan has been ruled by military more than the civilian. Press in Pakistan usually faces threats, violence, economic pressure, etc. The country's law on blasphemy has been used against journalists. Poor literacy, urban orientation of the press, and the high price of newspapers are detrimental factors for the under development of print media in Pakistan. Beside these barricades, one can now easily notice a shift from the centralized broadcasting to an open competition broadcast system in Pakistan, enabling the audience to enjoy more power of selective exposure. All governments including the military say high about the press freedom but often thing the other way round when the press criticizes the government. However, during the Musharraf military and civil regime for about nine year, press was operated in a mixed character. In view of this situation, Pakistan’s place in the Reporters sans Frontiers -Annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index is 152 out of a total of 167 for the year 2007. However the new government of the Pakistan People's party has promised for maximum freedom of the press.

Key words: Pakistan press laws, freedom, media sociology, challenges to Pakistan media.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-008, July, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Problems of land readjustment process in Turkey

Rahmi Erdem* and Mehmet Caglar Meshur

Selcuk University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Campus, Konya, Turkey.

Accepted 16 June, 2022

Abstract

Land readjustment is a method providing alternative potentials for both its implementing authorities and the property owners. Thus, the consistency of the legal framework which determines the way of the method used is of great importance. However, how the method is applied in Turkey is considered problematic. The main problems in the method are; exclusion of property owners from the participative process, calculating the shares in terms of area instead of value, size and scale of readjusted land and that the professions not related to planning processes are given to the authority by legislations. This brings out both a problem of trust in the operations carried out for public interest and a problem of quality in the physical environments generated. Discussing the land readjustment method which is the most applied method in urban planning in Turkey with an emphasis on implementation and action dimensions is the main aim of this study. Hence, the study attempts to display the inadequacies of Turkish Planning Legislation in terms of land readjustment processes, evaluating the Article 18 of Law 3194 and the related legislation ‘Regulations for Guiding the Land Readjustments according to the Article 18 of the Development Law”.

Key words: Physical plan, implementation of physical plan, land readjustment.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 10 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Business ethics for excellence in action: A view

Kastoori Srinivas and Syed Abdul Malik*

Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Al-Kharj, RIYADH, KSA-11942, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 11 April, 2022

Abstract

The core subject of ethics is essentially a branch of spiritualism, which is a banyan tree covering the entire gamut of human behavior on righteous path for the well being of society, in simple terms spiritualism, which is closely linked to strong religious faith is a canvas under which ethical values and principles bloom and blossom. Four sources of values, legal regulation, professional codes of ethics, individual values and organizational codes of ethics are identified in business ethics. This article attempts to analyze the sources of values in business, sharing of moral values and morality and its impact on society. The main aim of this study is to examine the professional and organizational codes of ethics in general and individual values in particular.

Key words: Ethical standards, moral values, organizational codes, ethical crises.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 10 (4), pp. 001-009, April, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Article

Group and associations in the governance process of states in Africa

Akpomuvire Mukoro

Department of Local Government Studies, Faculty of Administration, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State. E-mail: cammukoro @yahoo.co.uk.

Accepted 26 March, 2022

Abstract

It has increasingly become evident that the system of government inherited from the colonial powers in Africa have proved to be a failure, because of the reasons of uninhibited particularism and the inherent contradictions found with western systems of democracy in Africa. The advent of global political and economic reforms initiated by most countries in Africa since the attainment of independence has necessitated a pursuit for countries in Africa to renovate themselves democratically. The compelling political challenge being to mobilize the collective will of group and associations and civil societies to work in concert with formal institutions of government so as to bring about democratic governance and sustainable development. This paper adopts the Weberian theorem of rational-legal domination as its tool of analysis to argue for the fact that leaders (politicians and bureaucrats) occupy a position of trust which compels them to respect the social contract. Importantly, it has to be made clear that even though civil societies are informal bodies, their operations becomes formal once it is able to establish recognition as the vehicle for mobilization by members. Therefore, both the formal and informal organs of administration are presented as importing rationality in the attainment of set objectives through the means of effective co-ordination and control and an emphasis on the depersonalization of an office. The conclusion here is that neither the formal nor the informal bodies are being recommended to substitute one another in the governance process. Rather, there should be a convergence between formal governmental bodies and renovated civil society, group and associations in what could be termed the fit between societal and state norms and expectations. Africa faces grave challenges and the most urgent of these are eradication of poverty and the fostering of socio-economic development, in particular, through democracy and good governance. New partnership for Africa’s development, declaration on democracy, political, economic and corporate governance (Durban South Africa, July 2002).

Key words: Governance, group and associations, states, Africa.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 10 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effectiveness of boards of governors in curriculum implementation in secondary schools in Kenya

Jonah Nyaga Kindiki

Department of Educational Management and Policy Studies, School of Education, Moi University, P.O Box 3900-30100, Eldoret, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 24 February, 2022

Abstract

The boards of governors (BOG) are legally mandated by the ministry of education under the education act Cap 211 to manage secondary schools in Kenya. Their immediate roles have not been defined in the laws and there are no standards that have been adopted to measure their effectiveness. This study investigates effectiveness of the BOG in curriculum implementation in secondary schools in Kenya. The study was carried out in Keiyo district in Kenya. Adopting survey design, using interviews, questionnaires and documents, data was collected from a sample of 15 schools with 15 head teachers, 70 teachers and 65 governors represented by 5 members from each school using purposive, stratified and simple random sampling. Data collected was coded and analysed descriptively. Findings indicated that training of the members of BOG was directly related to the implementation of the curriculum. The BOG supported schools to acquire physical resources and enhanced curriculum development. The study recommended that schools should strive to provide pre- requisite training to the members of BOG and more involvement in the daily running of the schools (188) words).

Key words: Governors, curriculum, implementation, effectiveness, resources, role.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2463-5634 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-011, January, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Article

Transformation of the South African health care system with regard to African traditional healers: The social effects of inclusion and regulation

Lefatshe Moagi

Department of Politics and International Studies, Rhodes University. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 9 December, 2021

Abstract

The paper will examine the recent incorporation of African traditional healers into the larger government-regulated health system. The new legislation passed by government is an attempt to legally recognise the fact that African traditional healers in South Africa play a significant role as part of the health system in the country. The health system has gone through dramatic changes since 1994, including the shifting of portfolio committee member from Nkosazana Zuma in 1994 to the present minister of health Dr. Manto Tshabalala-Msimang and the endless complexities of policy implementation since the dawn of the new democracy. This paper argues that there is a conflict of interests between traditional healers and the government concerning the new legislation that aims to guard the South African public against medical malpractice among traditional healers and enable members of the public to freely consult with traditional healers as they please. The Traditional Health Practitioners Act, No 22 of 2007 provides a clear description of the various types of traditional healers operating in South Africa and how we should differentiate between them. But, while the Act sets out a number of objectives for government, it talks little about the practical regulation of spiritual healing.

Key words: African traditional healers, traditional health practitioners act, No. 22 of 2007.