International Journal of Law and Legal Studies

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2736-1608 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Exploring Criminal Intent and Educational Aspirations Among Disadvantaged School-Age Hawkers in Two North Central Nigerian Cities

Samuel Ayorinde Agbonna¹, Alice Arinlade Jekayinfa¹*, AbdulRaheem Yusuf¹ and Mustapha Jarimi²

¹Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, University of Ilorin, P. M. B.1515, Kwara State, Nigeria.
²Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, University of Abuja, FCT, Nigeria.

Accepted 3 May, 2024

Abstract

One of the international agenda is to utilize all available human and non-human resources towards enhancing youth’s educational and moral development. However, evidences abound that a good number of Nigerian youths are drawn by negative socio-economic experiences to a life of full time or part time hawking. The consequences of this life-style on the educational aspiration and moral development of the youths were studied in this research. The research comparatively surveyed the levels of criminal intent and educational aspiration of school-age hawkers and non-hawkers in North-Central Cities of Nigeria. Thus, it employed purposive sampling technique to draw a sample of 246 school age hawkers from Lokoja and Ilorin in Northern Nigeria. Data were obtained using two researcher-made questionnaires; Criminal Intent Questionnaire (CIQ) and Educational Aspiration Questionnaire (EAQ). To answer the raised research questions, data were analyzed using frequency count and percentages while t-test statistic was used to test the postulated hypotheses. Findings showed that school-age hawkers have higher criminal intent (73.98%) and low educational aspiration than school- age non-hawkers (14.63%). It was also found that the criminal intent and educational aspiration of the two categories of sampled respondents varied on the basis of gender. While criminal intent was higher on the side of male hawkers, educational aspiration was higher on the side of female non-hawkers. Based on these, it was concluded that on the basis of gender, hawking can develop criminal intent and discourage educational aspiration in school-age children. Thus, it was recommended that parents and Nigeria government should intensify efforts at reducing hawking among school-age children, if the country wants to avert raising youth with criminal orientation and if it wants to be among nations around the world to achieve the goals of Education for All (EFA) come 2015.

Key words: Intent, aspiration, school-age, level, criminal, high, low.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2736-1608 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-023, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC): Internal Guidelines and Their Implications for the Rule of Law

Stan Starygin

UN House Deloitte Tower, National Capital District, Port Moresby Papua New Guinea. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 26 September, 2024

Abstract

This paper encapsulates an in-depth examination of the legality of the authority invoked by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) to create a set of rules of procedure and evidence known as the Internal Rules (IRs). In the void of public information pertaining to the ECCC’s rationale for creating the IRs, this paper, in part, seeks to reconstruct the relevant judicial arguments and, to the greater extent, focuses on answering the question of which of the arguments put forward during the adoption process of the IRs should have been but were not entertained and accepted by the judicial panel to ensure the legality of the actions associated with the creation of the IRs. To this end, the paper extracts a statutory test which is used as the litmus test of the provisions of the IRs analyzed throughout the narrative. The application of this test, in the end, results in the separation of the provisions of the IRs ab initio identified as suspect into those for the adoption of which authority exists at the international level and those which the ECCC has invented ultra vires the law on the establishment of the ECCC and applicable international standards.

Key words: Extraordinary chambers in the courts of Cambodia (ECCC), hybrid tribunals, ultra vires actions, internal rules (IRs), rules of procedure and evidence (RPE), international criminal law.
 

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2736-1608 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Review

Characterizing Witchcraft-Related Crimes in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province

Theodore Petrus

Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 27 41 504 2232. Fax: 27 41 504 4276.

Accepted 26 November, 2024

Abstract

In the South African context, criminal acts that are associated with beliefs in witchcraft have illustrated the complexities that emerge in the relationship between crime and culture. Witchcraft beliefs continue to play an important role in the lives of many African communities. However, when these beliefs manifest themselves in the harming of others, either through perceived supernatural means or through violence perpetrated against alleged witches, issues of crime add another dimension to the social and cultural context of African communities. In the north-eastern parts of the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa, crimes associated with witchcraft beliefs have occurred relatively frequently, yet the South African Police Service (SAPS) in these areas has been ineffective in addressing these crimes. In this article it is argued that a clear definition of witchcraft-related crimes is needed to assist in dealing with these cases. Such a definition should be holistic, meaning that local perceptions of witchcraft as a crime should be taken into account, along with violence and other more obvious criminal acts. The article is based on a critical engagement with anthropological and other relevant literature, including the author’s own doctoral research study of witchcraft-related crime in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

Key words: Witchcraft-related crime, Eastern Cape Province, Mpondoland, South Africa.

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2736-1608 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-012, February, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An International Comparison and Study of Limited Liability Company Variants Across EU Member States

Lawyer Dr Sven Gelbke, Legal Assistant Julian Gosmann*

Received July 22, 2024; Received November 28, 2024; Accepted November 29, 2024

Abstract

Limited liability companies (LLCs) offer a crucial framework for businesses, allowing owners to operate with limited financial liability. Within the European Union, various LLC forms reflect each country's unique legal, historical, and economic backgrounds. This paper examines the key differences in legal frameworks, capital requirements, formation processes, and management structures of LLCs across EU member states. Despite several EU directives, such as Directive (EU) 2017/1132, harmonizing certain corporate law aspects, no uniform European LLC exists. The Societas Europaea (SE) provides a cross-border corporate form but is often less attractive to small and medium-sized enterprises due to its complexity and costs. Efforts to establish a Europe-wide LLC, like the Societas Privata Europaea (SPE) and the Societas Unius Personae (SUP), have not succeeded. This article serves as a guide for international lawyers and entrepreneurs deciding on the most suitable EU country for establishing an LLC. It highlights the variations in share capital, formation procedures, notarization, and management requirements, offering insights into the most business-friendly environments within the EU. 

Keywords: Limited Liability, European Union, Legal Frameworks, Capital Requirements, Societas Europaea (SE), Harmonization.
 

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2736-1608 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-010, February, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The Intersection of Corporate Governance and Competition Law in Malaysia: An Analytical Perspective

Choong Kwai Fatt, Edward Wong Sek Khin* and Priscilla Yap

Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Accepted 6 September, 2024

Abstract

This study examines the issues of competition law in Malaysia. These issues had challenges not only in its goal towards a market economy, but also in its national re-engineering of the economy under Malaysia’s industrialization plan. Malaysia has reached now reached that goal. The main issues were the impediments as to whether or not to introduce a structured, broader competition law in Malaysia. Often, in Malaysia, when markets were unable or unwilling to provide goods, services, or competition, the State became involved in the establishing of a free market. Malaysia has done this in its Capital Market Master plan, and the pressing challenges were on local trade issues. The trade barrier issues in Malaysia were different, as unique issues concerned culturally and historically based protection zones. Documents from several Articles (81 and 82) of the European Community Treaty, a variety of United States statutes such as The Sherman Antitrust Act, The Clayton Antitrust Act, The Federal Trade Commission Act and The Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act of 2004, and also Malaysian government guidelines were scrutinized in studying and establishing The Doctrine of Malaysia’s Competition aw, with its various attributes in illustrating corporate governance. The citation of three case studies to illustrate how competition legislation worked in the EU, UK, US and Malaysia provided the foundation of the new laws dealing with competitive practices. Malaysia needed to determine its primary of focus that is the producers and suppliers or the consumers. The US model protected the producers whilst the EU model shielded the consumers. The US model was more interested in economic and econometric results while the EU model emphasized social and regional development and the political consequences as well. The EU also protect the rights of small businesses more vigorously than the American legislation and, the EU to some extent, sacrifices intellectual property rights in the name of fairness and the free movement of goods and services. In the case of Malaysia, it seemed that Malaysia was more inclined to the EU than the American models. The purpose of this study is to illustrate competition laws deemed to secure a competitive marketplace and thus protect the consumers from unfair, anti-competitive practices. Yet, competition laws had to embody the inherent conflicts in emerging markets such as those in Malaysia, as well as a system of conflict resolution.

Key words: Competition law, anti-competitive practices, market economy and anti-trust law.
 

International Journal of Law and Legal Studies ISSN 2736-1608 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Review 

Examining the Interplay Between Local Court Systems and Restorative Justice in Comparison to the International Criminal Court (ICC)

Oricho Otieno Dennis

Jesuit Hakimani Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +254 718 716 109.

Accepted 11 November, 2024

Abstract

The article aims to compare the role that the International Criminal Court, as opposed to local courts is able to play in providing restorative justice in post-conflict societies. The author examines in detail the experience of the Rwandese ‘Gacaca’ courts, in order to demonstrate that local courts achieve better results than international or Western-biased criminal courts. The article further raises many useful insights that can throw some light on some of the current problems in Africa. While this traditional mechanism of the local court system demonstrates the wisdom that has sustained the local court systems, the modern African leaders appear to rebel against their roots through dictatorial rule that sentences the greater percentage of the population to a miserable life in pursuance of justice. It is within this perspective that the author noted that local tribunals of suspects can easily speed the trials which would cost the government dearly if international criminal courts were used. However, reconciliation and forgiveness remain pertinent challenges of local courts system because of the tensions that are eminent between victims, offenders and the community due to poor mechanism for reintegration for those found guilty.

Key words: Grand coalition, rigging, Gacaca, toxic leaders, impunity, genocide, restorative justice, local tribunal, International Criminal Court, perpetrators.