African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Antibiotic prescription and resistance: A contemporary literature review

Godfrey B. S. Iyalomhe¹*, Sarah I. Iyalomhe² and Richard E. Eholor¹

¹Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma, Nigeria.

²Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, Central Hospital, Auchi, Nigeria.

Accepted 09 March, 2019

Abstract

Worldwide, antibiotics are among the most commonly used and misused drugs because of the perception in some practitioners and patients that antibiotic resistance is theoretical or only a minor risk. This review therefore aims to update knowledge and promote proper antibiotic prescription with the goal of optimizing use and halting the trend of rising resistance. A literature and internet (Medline, embase, HINARI and Cochrane data bases) search showed that prescription of antibiotics only when indicated following standard guidelines minimizes the incidence and spread of resistance. Mechanisms of resistance development include bacterial mutation or horizontal transfer from plasmids, transposons, integrons and gene cassettes between commensal organisms and potential pathogens by transduction, translocation, transposition, transformation or conjugation. Resistance may emerge following indiscriminate use of antibiotics, unhygienic conditions, poor drug handling and non-adherence. To halt resistance, priority areas include prudent use of antibiotics; development of antimicrobials with novel mechanisms of action; use of bioinformatics and genomic techniques to identify and study new targets of attack; use of alternatives to antibiotics such as bacteriophage-derived therapy or chemical agents that can block or reverse resistance pathways; use of agents in natural products, vaccines and pro-biotics as well as implementing public health strategies and education of the populace. In response, initiatives at the local, national and international levels are now directed towards promoting good antibiotic stewardship, infection control, sanitation and hygiene practices.

Key words: Antibiotic, antimicrobials, prescription, resistance, contemporary, review.

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Papers

The effect of foot and hand massage on postoperative cardiac surgery pain

Marziyeh Asadizaker*, Alizaman Fathizadeh, Amanollah Haidari, Shahin Goharpai and Sedighe Fayzi

Ahvaz Jondishapour Medical Sciences University, Iran.

Accepted 19 February, 20019

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effects of foot and hand massage on postoperative pain and sedative drug use in cardiac surgery patients. One of the most important problems and complaint that have been experienced by patients who are influenced by surgery is the pain. Physiological responses to pain create harmful effects on the body recovery after cardiac surgery, and they routinely report mild to moderate pain even though sedative drugs have been administered. This study was a clinical trial performed in the intensive care cardiac unit (ICCU) and cardiac surgery ward of Gollestan hospital, dependent on Jondishapour University of Medical Sciences in Ahwaz city, Iran. Sixty-five patients were selected based on aim and randomly assigned to either control (n = 33) or massage group (n = 32). The massage group received a 20 min foot and hand massage (each extremity 5 min) and control group rested in bed and researcher was near them for 20 min. Pain intensity measured by visual analogue scale and other variables were measured by check list before and after intervention in two groups. There was statistically significant difference on the pain intensity and type, and amount of sedative drug used between the two groups after intervention (massage) (p-value = 0.000). According to the obtained findings, first and second hypothesis were approved, and the pain was reduced by hand and foot massage. Our study supports the effectiveness of massage in postoperative cardiac surgical pain.

Key words: Foot and hand massage, cardiac surgery, pain.

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An appraisal of non-staff visitor involvement in bedside patient care in a specific hospital in the Midwest United States

Huey-Ming Tzeng¹* and Chang-Yi Yin.²

¹Department of Nursing, School of Health Professions and Studies, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, Michigan, USA.

²Department of History, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.

Accepted 03 January, 2019

Abstract

A descriptive study was conducted to understand the prevalence of non-staff visitor presence in acute inpatient care settings. This paper also summarizes recent studies on the issues related to promoting efficient and effective care transitions and the recent movement of embracing family and non-family visitor involvement in patient care. This descriptive study was conducted in three inpatient care units of a Michigan hospital in April, 2007. A trained research assistant counted the number of visitors for each patient on two weekdays and two weekend days at three predetermined time points for each day. Descriptive analyses were used to answer the question of: What is the prevalence of visitor presence in a specific hospital in the Midwest United States? About 36% of the patients had at least one visitor present during their hospital stays. Among adult medical patients, about 22% of them had at least one visitor present. Among pediatric patients, about 59% of them had at least one visitor present during the hospital stays. A culture of non-staff visitor involvement in bedside care exists in the US hospital environment when a child is hospitalized, but this is not necessarily the case when an adult is hospitalized.

Key words: Hospitals, safety, patients, family, professional-family relations, nursing care.

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Papers

Experiences of expert midwives in a training program aimed at decreasing perineal tears

Tiina Pirhonen RN¹*, Mika Gissler², Tom Hartgill³ and Jouko Pirhonen¹

¹The Norwegian Continence and Pelvic Floor Center, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.

²National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland and Nordic School of Public Health; Gothenburg, Sweden.

³University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Accepted 15 January, 2019

Abstract

This descriptive study explored the roles and responsibilities of expert midwives involved in teaching staff from midwifery students to senior consultants/physicians. We have earlier conducted an intervention project, aimed at decreasing the number of anal sphincter tears. During this intervention a local core team of expert midwives was established. These experts continued the training of colleagues after the midwife instructor had fulfilled the active training period. Eighteen expert midwives from the four Norwegian hospitals which took part in this training program were recruited. To explore the views and experiences of these expert midwives, a questionnaire was completed, and the results were analyzed qualitatively. Before starting the program 24% of the midwives, working at the delivery ward were negative towards the supervision and project, while 46% were positive. One year after the program’s start 92% were positive. Negative feedback at the beginning of the intervention came mostly from the media and professional midwifery organizations. The expert midwives felt that doctors were the most challenging to teach. The response from pregnant women was ultimately positive. Eighteen well motivated midwives became highly appreciated experts after an intensive training program and deemed themselves better and more successful professionals than before.

Key words: Delivery, anal sphincter rupture, prevention, qualitative research, interdisciplinary education.

African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery ISSN 2198-4638 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-004, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Investigating an autonomous system in nursing

Mohammad Reza Nami¹* and Jila Saneipour²

¹Faculty of Electrical, IT, and Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University- Qazvin Branch, Iran.

²ICU Part, Imam-Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Iran.

Accepted 09 January, 2019

Abstract

The term E-nursing has been used to refer to the incorporation of ICT into nursing. Point-to-point connections using private networks are used by hospitals and clinics that deliver services directly or contract out specialty services to independent nursing service providers at ambulatory care sites. Radiology, mental health and even intensive care services are being provided under contract using Tele-nursing and telemedicine to deliver the services. An autonomous system manages complexity and improves the system complexity without interfering expert humans. The purpose of this paper is to present an autonomous virtual organization for e-nursing describing their characteristics, effects on quality factors, their building blocks architecture, and challenges.

Key words: E-Nursing, collaborative networks, information and communication technology (ICT), virtual organization breeding environment (VBE), autonomic computing, self-managing systems.