International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology

International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology ISSN 2326-7291 Vol. 10 (8), pp. 001-006, August, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Review 

Update to risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma

Nabil Abdel-Hamid

Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Minia University, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel:+20506913997, +20106426998, +20121830691.

Accepted 19 February, 2021

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) became a prevalent disease in many populations worldwide. It initiates many economic problems in management modalities and leads to increasing mortality rates. Many trials are made all over the world to implement specific early markers for detection and prediction of the disease, hoping to set a more precise strategy for liver cancer prevention. Unfortunately, many economic, cultural and disciplinary levels contribute to confounding preventive strategies. Many risk factors seem to predispose HCC, which either present individually or collectively depending on the environmental situations. Previous articles discussed many risk factors participating in hepatocellular carcinogenesis, although most of them did not handle collectively the current up to date causes. In this article, the pathogenesis and most of risk factors of HCC are briefly discussed. Most of the intermediating steps of HCC pass through molecular and transcriptional events leading eventually to hepatocyte malignant transformation. These steps are mainly triggered by hepatitis B, C or transfusion-transmitted virus, either alone, or with other factors. Diabetes seems to be greatly a leading disease. Schistosomiasis, a blood infestation, mostly disturbs Nile habitants leading also to bladder, renal and hepatic cancers. Alcoholism, food and water pollutants and some other drugs can lead to HCC. Additionally, some hereditary diseases, as hemochromatosis, -1-antitrypsin deficiency and tyrosinaemia are known to develop to HCC, if not discovered.

Key words: HCC, HCV, HBV, TTV, schistosomiasis, alcoholism, NASH, hereditary diseases.

International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology ISSN 2326-7291 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-008, July, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Chronic carriage of hepatitis B virus with HBeAg+ at the university teaching hospital YalgadoOuedraogo: epidemiological and clinical features

Eric Nagaonlé Somé^1*, Alice Nanelin Guingané^2**, Jean Kaboré¹, Moussa Son²**, Félicité Nana^1*, Maxime Drabo^1* and Roger Sombié^2**                                                                                                                                                     

¹Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Biomedical and public health department, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

²University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, UFR/SdS, gastro-enterology department, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Accepted 05 March, 2021

Introduction: The prevalence of the hepatitis B infection is estimated at 9.1% in Burkina Faso. We aimed at describing the epidemiological and clinical features of the disease. Materials and methods: we implemented a cross-sectional study from January 1st, 2004 to December 31st, 2015. Patients aged more than 15 years with positive HBsAg for over six months and positive HbeAg were included. Results: We analyzed the data of 148 participants. The sex ratio was three; 69% of the participants were ≤34 years old. The mean duration of HBsAg carriage was 6.4 ± 5.6 years. The hepatic fibrosis blood test showed an activity ≥ 2 in 25 (83.3%) patients and fibrosis ≥ 2 in 23 (76.7%) patients. The liver biopsy found no inflammatory (A0) and a minimal activity (A1) in 25% and 62.5% of the patients, respectively. Portal fibrosis without (F1) and with some septa (F2) was found in three patients, respectively. Conclusion: Viral hepatitis B is a silent disease with a small proportion of patients experiencing viral replication activity. The control of this disease of public health interest is based mainly on programs of large immunization of the populations and a close monitoring of the infected people.

Key words: Viral hepatitis B, HBe antigen, HBs antigen, Sub Saharan Africa, Burkina Faso.

International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology ISSN 2326-7291 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology ISSN 2326-7291 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-007, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Investigation of sporulation and cost benefit of raw materials for the production of Curvularia pallescens

Okunowo Wahab Oluwanisola¹* and Ogunkanmi Liasu Adebayo²

¹Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos. P. M. B. 12003. Lagos. Nigeria.

²Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos Akoka, Lagos. Nigeria.

Accepted 08 August, 2020

Abstract

An investigation was conducted on the pH, nutritional and cost benefit of the use of different substrates for the production of Curvularia pallescens Boedijn. The growth of the organism was examined at pH range between 5.5 and 8.6 and on different growth media, potato carrot agar (PCA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), sabouraud agar (SA), tap water agar (TWA), water hyacinth agar (WHA) and Czapek-Dox agar (ZA). Also, the growth of the organism was examined on different enrichment media “Czapek-Dox” with its sodium nitrate substituted with equal amount of different nitrogen sources (ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, glutamine and sodium glutamate). WHA produced significantly (P < 0.001) highest amount of mycelial growth (84.95 ± 0.05 mm) on day 6 than other media types. The spore concentration was highest, 6.6 E⁰⁶ ± 3.33 E⁰⁵ spores/ml with TWA. The colony size was significantly (P < 0.001) highest, 84.9 ± 0.1 mm on day 10 with sodium glutamate compared with other nitrogen sources. Spore count was only observed on ammonium chloride (1.67E⁰⁶ ± 3.33E⁰⁵ spores/ml), the optimal growth pH was 5.5. The cost of production of the organism per culture plate on WHA was 61.3 and 82% lesser than on PDA and SA respectively. The formulated water hyacinth agar medium appeared most economically feasible for the mycelial production of C. pallescens Boedijn.

Key words: Curvularia pallescence Boedjin, growth measurement, pH measurement.

International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology ISSN 2326-7291 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-006, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Key words: Arsenic, toxicity, carcinogenesis.

International Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology ISSN 2326-7291 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-003, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Evaluation of the poisonous effect of Cassia sieberiana stem bark extracts in rats

W. Obidah*, U. A. Sa’ad and A. U. Wurochekke

Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

Accepted 22 November, 2020

Abstract

The aqueous extract of Cassia sieberiana stem bark was administered to groups of 4 albino rats (160 ± 10 g) at 0, 20, 60 or 180 mg/kg body weight daily by gavages for six weeks. A 7% decrease in mean body weight gain was observed in the group treated with the highest concentration of the extract (180 mg/kg). Groups treated with the extract showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum ALT and AST activity. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum urea and creatinine concentrations, together with decrease in serum total protein concentrations were observed in the group treated with 180mg/kg body weight of the extract. These results indicate that oral administration of aqueous extract of Cassia sieberiana stem bark to rats result in hepatotoxicity even at lower dose levels of 20 - 60 mg/kg and nephrotoxicity at higher doses of 180 mg/kg.

Key words: Cassia sieberiana, oral, rats, repeated dose toxicity.