ISSN 2756-3839
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (6), pp. 121-129, December, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Study of using the bacterium Bacillus thuringiernsis israelensis in microbial control of Musca domestica vicina, Diptera Muscidae (Muscidae, Diptera)
Najlaa, Y. Abozinadah*, Faten, F. Abuldahb, Nawal and S. Al-Haiqi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 28 November, 2013
Abstract
The second instar larvae of Musca domestica were treated with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, (B.t.i.) at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% under laboratory conditions. Cumulative mortality percentage increased gradually with the increase in B.t.i concentrations and this is represented by straight regression lines indicating homogenity. The LC30 and LC50 were 0.87 and 1.305%, respectively. The tested concentrations indicate significant prolongation in larval duration compared to control. There was an inverse relation between the concentration and pupation percentage and an increase in pupal duration. An insignificant decrease in percentage of adult emergence was observed. Sex ratio was not affected. 2.0% Concentration of B.t.i. caused the greatest reduction in female fecundity (964.5 eggs/female), and the hatchability of eggs also decreased. The pupae and adults appeared malformed when treated with B.t.i. as a 2nd larval instar.
Key words: Housefly, larvicide, bioassay, mortality, LC30, fecundity, fertility, malformation
Nawal and S. Al-Haiqi, Najlaa , Faten , Y. Abozinadah, F. Abuldahb
Research Article
Full Length Research Paper
Laboratory assessment of insecticidal properties of Tagetes minuta crude extracts against Brevicoryne brassicae on cabbage
Phoofolo, M. W.*, Mabaleha, S. and Mekbib, S. B.
Department of Biology, National University of Lesotho, P.O. Roma 180, Lesotho, Southern Africa.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. Tel: +266 52213447 or +266 59500795. Fax: +266 22 340000.
Accepted 20 August, 2013
Abstract
The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae is one of the most serious insect pests of cabbage in Lesotho. Chemical insecticides for efficient control of this pest are often unaffordable for resource-poor farmers. As a first step in a search for effective pest management techniques that can be affordable and easily available to these farmers, the aphicidal activities of Tagetes minuta crude extracts were evaluated against the cabbage aphid. A comparison was made on lethal and sub-lethal effects of T. minuta crude extracts from acetone, methanol, water and a mixture of acetone/methanol/water (7:7:1, v:v). The solvent system that produced the most toxic extract was the mixture, followed by methanol and water, whereas acetone produced the least toxic extract. The sub-lethal effect on cabbage aphid fecundity was well described by linear regression equations that showed significant reduction in fecundity as the concentration of crude extracts increased. The extract from the mixture solvent system had the strongest effect on fecundity.
Key words: Brevicoryne brassicae, cabbage aphid, Tagetes minuta, crude extracts, lethal concentration, sub-lethal, fecundity.
S. and Mekbib, S. B., M. W., Mabaleha , Phoofolo
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (6), pp. 130-133, December, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to the red-legged tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi
Marius Hedimbi1*, Godwin P. Kaaya, G.P2, Michael Samish, M3, Galina Gindin3 and Itamar Glazer3
1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
2Department of Animal Science, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia.
3ARO, The Volcani Centre, P. O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. Tel: (+264) (61) 206 3425. Fax: (+264) (61) 206 3791
Accepted 18 November, 2013
Abstract
Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi is an economically-important tick of livestock in Africa mainly due to its ability to transmit Babesia equi to horses, Anaplasma marginale to cattle and to cause paralysis in lambs, adult sheep and calves. This study investigated the pathogenicity and hence the bio-control potential of Metarhizium anisopliae to eggs and all other off-host stages of R. e. evertsi. The eggs and larvae were infected by placing them on filter paper wetted with conidial suspension. Tick instars were infected by dipping in M. anisopliae suspenssion (1×10 3–10 8 conidia/ml) and incubated together with the eggs at 25°C and 100% relative humidity (RH). The m ortality of eggs and all tick stages tested increased with increasing conidial concentration and were higher (P>0.05) in conidia formulated in oil than in those formulated in water. For instance, the LC50 in unfed larvae was 1×10 4 conidia /ml in oil formulation and 1×10 5 conidia /ml in water formulation. No difference was observed in mortality between fed and unfed tick stages.
Key words: Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Metarhizium anisopliae, formulation, mortality, biological control.
Godwin P. Kaaya, Marius Hedimbi, Michael Samish, M , Galina Gindin and Itamar Glazer, G.P
Review
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (4), pp. 069-073, September, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Review
A review of on Aleurodicus dispersus Russel. (spiralling whitefly) [Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae] in Nigeria
A. D. Banjo
Department of Plant science and applied zoology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, P. M. B. 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 26 August, 2013
Abstract
The developmental biology of Aleurodicus dispersus Russel., have been investigated. It was found to have a cumulative developmental period of (23 - 41) days. The mean numbers of egg developing to adult have been found to be 138.1 per thousand eggs. The spread of the insect have been found to be connected to human traffics. The oviposition and feeding occurs simultaneously and occur more on their abaxial surface of host leaves. Rainfall and temperature play a prominent role on the abundance and seasonal fluctuation of the insect and infact, regulating their population. Presently, A. dispersus is found on arable as well as ornamental plants but rarely on gramminae. At present, A. dispersus is a minor pest with the potential of becoming a serious pest with the increasing global warming.
Key words: Aleurodicus dispersus, oviposition, abaxial surface, abundance, gramminae.
A. D. Banjo
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (2), pp. 019-024, July, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Soil arthropods recovery rates from 5 – 10 cm depth within 5 months period following dichlorov (an organophosphate) pesticide treatment in designated plots in Benin City, Nigeria
B. N. Iloba1 and T. Ekrakene2*
1Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
2Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P. M. B. 1100 Benin City, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 18 June, 2013
Abstract
Soil arthropods recovery rate was monitored for five months (April - August) 2007 to ascertain whether the application of dichlorov (an organophosphate) pesticide, in varying concentration levels of 0 L(control), 0.25 L (low) and 0.75 L (high) per 25 m2 would adversely affect the rate of sampling soil arthropods within a 5 - 10cm depth. Berlese Tullgren Extraction method, sorting and identification of sampled species were adopted and soil physiochemical properties were measured. Insects from eight different groups were consistently sampled. They are members Collembola, Coleoptera, Acarina and Isoptera. Others include Hymenoptera, Myriapoda, Crustaeca and Arachnida. There was an initial decrease in the monthly number of sampled soil arthropods in the treated plots from April to May but increased from June to August. Members of Acarina, Coleoptera and Myriapoda showed the highest fauna abundance while species from Hymenoptera, Crustaeca and Arachnida showed least fauna abundance. Members of Acarina (mites) exhibited the highest recovery rate while Arachnidan species were least. The result revealed that, the mean number of sampled soil arthropods was significantly different (p < 0.05) on the basis of the amount of dichlorov pesticide concentration used compared with the control with high concentration region being the most toxic to the arthropods, hence recording the least number of sampled soil arthropods. On the basis of concentration of applied organophosphate, the soil hydrocarbon content (0.03 - 3.95), soil pH (6.3 - 6.9), soil temperature (25.0 - 29.7°C) and soil moisture (3.2 - 6.9) were not significant (p > 0.05). However, increase in soil moisture from April to August was observed to result in the increase in mean numbers of soil arthropod groups sampled. The implication of this study is that, the depth of 0 - 5 cm mark into the soil litter is not the only arthropod bound zone and soil micro arthropod abundance in the soil is dependent among others on the concentration of pesticide applied. Where application is not indiscriminate, soil micro arthropods have high recovery rate which could enhance high productivity from the soil in the long run.
Key words: Dichlorov, organophosphate pesticide, soil, microarthropod, recovery rate, Benin City.
T. Ekrakene, B. N. Iloba
Research Article
International Journal of Nematology and Entomology Vol. 1 (6), pp. 111-116, November, 2013. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Estimation of virulence type and level of soybean cyst nematode field populations in response to resistant cultivars
J. W. Zheng1,2 and S. Y. Chen1*
1Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Waseca, MN 56093; USA.
2Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, P. R. China.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +1 507 837 5621. Fax: +1 507 835 3622.
Accepted 16 March, 2013
Abstract
The use of resistant cultivars is the most common practice in managing the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines. Currently, most commercial SCN-resistant soybean cultivars were developed from a single source of resistance, plant introduction (PI) 88788. The effect of crop sequences including rotations of SCN-susceptible soybean ‘sturdy’ with SCN-resistant soybean ‘freeborn’ carrying resistance derived from PI 88788, soybean ‘Pioneer 9234’ carrying resistance derived from PI 548402 (peking), and nonhost corn was studied at two field sites in southern Minnesota, the United States. Parasitic ability of SCN measured as a female index (FI) on PI 88788 and freeborn increased with the number of years freeborn was planted. After more than 5 years of freeborn, either in monoculture or rotation with other soybean cultivars and corn, the SCN population changed from the original race 3 (HG type 0 or 7) to race 1 (HG type 2.7 or 2.5.7). After 10 years of freeborn, the changed nematode population reproduced freely on the once resistant cultivar (FI > 60). There was no selection pressure from the use of PI 88788-resistance on SCN populations that can overcome peking resistance. Planting 3 or fewer years of Pioneer 9234 had no noticeable effect on the virulence phenotype of the SCN population. This study suggests that more cultivars from resistance sources other than PI 88788 are urgently needed for effective management of the nematode in Minnesota and other regions in the world.
Key words: Heterodera glycines, HG type, host-parasite relationship, race, soybean cyst nematode, virulence phenotype.
Zheng JW, Chen SY