ISSN 2375-0723
African Journal of Food Science Research Vol. 2 (9), pp. 129-138, September, 2014. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research paper
Control measures in Nigerian traditional food manufacture: some Useful properties of extruded millet-soybean for the ‘fura’
Harshanti O. and Abubakar Bukar
Department of Food Technology, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 19 August, 2014
Abstract
‘Fura’ is a traditional thick dough ball snack produced principally from millet or sorghum which is common in Northern Nigeria. It is consumed with ‘nono’ (local yoghurt produced from cow milk) or mashed in water before consumption in the form of porridge. The effects of extrusion conditions feed composition (ratio of soybean to millet), percentage moisture wet basis and screw speed (rpm) on the water absorption index (WAI); water solubility index (WSI) and viscosity from millet/soybean flour mixtures were studied using Response surface methodology (RSM) for ‘fura’ processing. Models were developed and appropriate statistical analysis adopted to test the adequacy of the models. The models showed R2 = 0.73, 0.76, 0.74 for WAI, WSI and viscosity, respectively, indicating that the model could be used to navigate the design space. Because some of the stationary points were outside the range of the experiment, graphical optimization was adopted to determine the optimum and predicted values. The optimum levels and the corresponding predicted values were obtained. The optimal combination of feed composition (17.7% soybean), feed moisture (27.3% wet basis) and screw speed (161 rpm) resulted in optimal WAI of 4.6 gWater per gSample . The optimal combination of feed composition (14.77% soybean), feed moisture (15.23%) and screw speed 220 rpm) resulted in optimal WSI of 6.15%. The optimal combinations of feed composition (46.97%), feed moisture (29.34%) and screw speed (174.52rpm) resulted in optimal viscosity of 4.58 Nsm-2.
Key words: Millet, soybean, extrusion, optimization, ‘fura’, water absorption index, water solubility index, viscosity.