African Journal of Gender and Women Studies

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 3 (6), pp. 189-193, June, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Urinary tract disease prevalence amongst pregnant women in South-eastern Nigeria

K.I Mojubola¹, Okonji L. E²* and Clement S. Ajayi³

¹Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers state, Nigeria.

²Department of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.

³Department of Epidemiology, Medical Statistics and Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, College of

Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, P.O.Box 3340, Nigeria.

* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 15 October, 2014

Abstract

This study is based on the prevalence of Urinary Tract Disease (UTIs) amongst pregnant women in Nigeria attending antenatal clinics at hospitals. Factors that predispose an individual to UTI. Listing, description and recognition of bacteria from urine samples. A total of 100 mid-stream urine (MSU) Specimen were collected and cultured for the presence of bacterial pathogens, 54 showed significant bacterial growths while 46 showed no significant bacterial growth. Bacterial agents were isolated from 54 pregnant women and were identified as: Escherichia coli;Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus andStaphylococcus epidermidis. Escherichia coli [20(37%)] was the commonest offending bacterial pathogen isolated. Other bacterial pathogens incriminated in this study were Klebsiella spp. [11(20.4%)], Proteus mirabilis [9(16.7%)], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [7(13%)], Staphylococcus aureus [4(7.4%)] and Staphylococcus epidermidis [3(5.6%)]. The study shows a high occurrence of UTIs (54%) despite the fact that most of the pregnant women showed no clinical symptom.

Key words: Pathogens, antibiotics sensitivity, bacteria, urine, urinary tract disease.

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 3 (5), pp. 164-167, May, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Problems in approach and application of available tools for analysis to the study of man

*Gordon Pine, Steve Warren, Hannah Morgan Hoffs and Eric Thompson

Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 28 February, 2013

Abstract

It is difficult to define perspective within sets that are self belonging. For example in the study of mankind, anthropology, both men and their studies fall into the same category that contains the topic out-line. This situation entails a universal quality of uniqueness, an instance of it, to the topic of anthropology that may be viewed in parallel with the topic of nature as the set of unique particulars. Yet one might assent to the notion in the inclusive study of man, anthropology, that nothing in its’ content should conceivably be construed to exceed it, though in approaches to the topic, reference to the topic of nature, unavoided, refer to the scientific topic of nature in which contemporary notions, when contrasted, exceed the perceptual experience of nature. In this presentation problems in approaches and in the application of available tools for analysis to the study of man will be discussed. Framed with respect to a concept of parallelism, notions and stimuli are introduced to augment and reorient towards a more creative perspective with respect to the organization of first perspective considera-tions in studies. The theories of relativity, the idea of mathematical relations for simultaneous events, the presence of artifactual paradoxes as they are reflected in thinking and the scientific tools applied towards investigations are discussed and hopefully highlighted so that they may hopefully be perceived distinctly form realities involved in the pursuit of studies.

Key words: Logical positivism, theory of relativity, universals and constants, parallelism, mechanization

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 3 (5), pp. 168-175, May, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Factors hindering the education of the girl child

James Orengo Mutunga

Department of Gender and Development Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kahawa, Nairobi County, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 28 January, 2013

Abstract

This research attempted to find out the factors militating against the education of girls in Lower Eastern Province, Kenya. The main purpose of the research was to establish the magnitude of the effects of the factors that are known to militate against the education of girls. The investigation employed both qualitative and quantitative methods of research. A Survey design was used in the research. The study employed open and closed ended questionnaires administered to all the participants. The results derived from the research were analysed using descriptive statistics. The open responses were subjected to content analysis. The significant results of this research have shown that girls have low educational and occupational aspirations and that the greatest hindrance to their educational advancement is alleged to be pregnancy, followed by peer pressure, lack of school fees, lack of parental guidance and counselling, drug addiction and intimate boys/girls relationships. The study recommends that there is need to carry out awareness campaigns to sensitise all stakeholders on the importance of education, especially of the girl child. It is important to create well-maintained single gender boarding schools. Girls should be targeted in terms of bursary and sponsorship.

Key words: Girl, factors, effects, education.

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 3 (4), pp. 157-163, April, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Witchcraft as an intriguing phenomenon in Africa: The case of Tanzania

 *Benjamin Edwards, Ridhiwani Pinda and Jakaya Garang

Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 30 March, 2013

Abstract

Witchcraft is a topical subject and an intriguing phenomenon in Africa. Thriving on belief systems it baffles and confronts ruling elites with dilemmas on how to deal with it. Tanzania experiences grim consequences by the entrenchment of witchcraft in the country including social exclusion, expulsion and even murder of alleged witches. The legal system copes inadequately with the challenges of witchcraft because it does not accept the reality of witchcraft and the colonial inherited law is a blunt instrument in dealing with the problem. This article charts the history of the law on witchcraft in Tanzania and concludes that witchcraft beliefs are too strong to be driven out by legal methods and instead advocates for the removal of ignorance by introducing a scientific view of the world through [mass] education.

Key words: Witchcraft, bewitching, Tanzania, ordinance, law, commission.

African Journal of Gender and Women Studies ISSN 2516-9831 Vol. 3 (4), pp. 151-156, April, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper                        

Sex and irregular warfare: Understanding the place of girls in Boko Haram insurgency

Onafowora Oluwasolape

Department of History and International Relations, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria, P.O.Box 1774, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

[email protected]; [email protected]. Tel: +2348033655364

Accepted April 08, 2018

Abstract

Irregular warfare between the Nigerian Army and Boko Haram insurgents occurred in less secured environment which left the most vulnerable (children, women, elderly and harmless young men) to become victims during counterinsurgency operations. Girls were deliberately targeted by terrorists so as to sustain the war against the Nigerian government. Some joined voluntarily while others were captured. Many girls served as domestic servants while others were trained to become suicide bombers. Since irregular warfare is usually a prolonged war, Boko Haram has adopted it as a guerrilla strategy to use girls not only as servants or bombers but as ‘baby producing agents’. Furthermore, leaders of the sect have come to realize that girls, particularly the Chibok girls are war assets who can be used in buying time, swapped for top Boko Haram prisoners, exchanged for ammunitions, sold into black market, motivate terrorists as war bounty, spy communities and carry out complex terrorist attacks. Unfortunately, the Nigerian government is yet to fully situate the place of girls in its counterinsurgency operations. Historical research method and a population-centric counterinsurgency approach were adopted in the study. Understanding how girls experience the conflict, not only as victims but also as perpetrators, needs to directly inform policies and programs to tackle the roots of the insurgency and strategies for curbing it, as well as facilitate girls’ contribution to lasting peace.

Keywords: Boko Haram, Chibok Girls, irregular warfare, Nigerian Army.