African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production Vol. 1 (2), pp. 034-039, September, 2013. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An evaluation of milk quality in and around Rawalakot Azad Kashmir

Saiqa Bashir¹, Muhammad Siddique Awan¹, Shahzad Akbar Khan²*, Habib Ahmed Rathore¹, Muhammad Akhtar Qureshi² and Zulfiqar Hussain Kathu³

¹Department of Food Technology, The University of Poonch Rawalakot, Pakistan.

²Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The University of Poonch Rawalakot, Pakistan.

³Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of AJK, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 21 June, 2013

Abstract

The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of milk from Rawalakot and its surroundings. Milk samples were collected from house hold animal, milkman and restaurant milk in order to assess the hygienic status of raw milk, which was collected from three different parts of the city, Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir. It was observed that the milk samples which were collected from house hold milk showed better quality compared to the other two sources. For the assessment of adulterants, clot-on-boiling (COB), alcohol perception and methyleneblue tests were conducted. In COB test, the result was 29% positive in house hold animal milk, 38% in milkman and 38% in restaurant milk; whereas, in COB test, results of milkman and restaurant milk were similar. The results of alcohol tests showed variation among the three sources of milk: in household animal milk (APT) it was 34%; 44% in milkman and 34% in restaurant milk. Methyleneblue test results show variation among the three sources; the mean values of A+, B+, C+ and D+ for HH were 29, 44, 17, 11 and 14%; 62, 11, 14% were recorded for MM; whereas 14, 33, 33 and 11%, in RM, respectively. The quality of milk was different in all three sources. Milk composition was assessed by specific gravity, fat % and acidity test. The result of Gerber test (fat% age) shows slight variation among the three sources of milk (7.00%, 6.31% and 5.55), respectively. The results of specific gravity were 0.128 g/ml for house hold, 1.027 g/ml for milkman and 0.125 g/ml for restaurant milk, respectively. All three sources showed low specific gravity than standards. The result of acidity test shows slight difference in all three sources of milk. The acidity of milk samples was recorded as 0.18 in house hold milk, 0.21 for milkman milk and 0.19 in restaurant milk. The acidity was higher than the standard values in both milkman and restaurant milk. In organoleptic test, the result was based on sensory evaluation and scoring system. The lowest value was 5.5 and highest value was 7.4. As the results show the HH animal milk was graded as good compared to the other two sources of milk.

Key words: Organoleptic, adulterants, milk, acidity.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production Vol. 1 (2), pp. 024-027, September, 2013. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative contamination of Listeria monocytogenes in traditional dairy products in Esfahan Province, Iran

Amir Masoud Shahbazi¹*, Mojtaba Rashedi² and Rafei Sohrabi¹

¹Scientific Association of Veterinary Medicine Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University,

ShahreKord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran

²Young Researchers Club, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch,

Shahrekord, Iran.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (+98) 9132728458. Fax: (+98) 311-3601493.

Accepted 21 May, 2013

Abstract

Listeria monocytogenes, a primary human pathogen, has been found in different places in the environment of dairy, and the bacterium may survive for a long time in a dairy. L. monocytogenes is a major concern for the food industry, as it can cause listeriosis in humans. Listeriosis is one of the most important infections in Europe and the United States. It may cause fever, muscle aches and gastroenteritis; but does not usually cause septicaemia in healthy non-pregnant individuals. In pregnant women, it may cause abortion or neonatal death. From June 2010 to April 2012, a total of 420 samples were collected from different places in Esfahan Province. Samples were collected and analyzed based on the International Organization for Standardization using cultural method and biochemical test. Totally, in 57 samples (13.57%) of 420 dairy product samples L. monocytogenes was isolated. Based on biochemical observation, out of 210 raw milk samples, 42 (20%) were contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes. In traditional butter samples, 9 samples were contaminated by L. monocytogenes (12.85%); in traditional cheese samples, 5 (7.14%) samples were contaminated by L. monocytogenes and in traditional curd samples, 1 sample was contaminated by L. monocytogenes (1.43%). According to our finding, using traditional dairy products is dangerous, and it must be controlled by the ministry of health organization or other related organizations.

Key words: Listeria monocytogenes, dairy products, Esfahan, Iran.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production Vol. 1 (3), pp. 057-058, October, 2013. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Floral biology of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc]

N. C. Onwubiko¹*, M. I. Uguru², A. A. Ngwuta¹, E. T. Inyang¹ and O. J. Nnajiemere¹

¹Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Crop Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 24 August, 2013

Abstract

Investigation on floral biology of twelve accessions of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc] was carried out in the greenhouse of the School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, in a completely randomized design with three replications. Significant varietal differences (P<0.05) were observed among the accessions in all characters investigated except for age of germination (P>0.05). Typical of flowering plants, the crop consists of vegetative and reproductive organs. The initiation of flower buds was between 30 and 48 days after planting (DAP) while the maturity of the flowers was between 34 and 52 DAP (3 to 5 days from flower bud initiation). Matured flowers for hybridization should be 2 to 3 days old from bud initiation and observed to be yellow or creamy in colour. The time taken for matured flower bud to open (anthesis) ranged between 12 to 20 h (which occurred between 07:00 and 10:00 h). Emasculation should be carried out on mature flower buds within 12 h of flower bud maturity as pollination takes place after this period.

Key words: Floral biology, bambara groundnut, Vigna subterranea.

African Journal of Dairy Farming and Milk Production Vol. 1 (5), pp. 085-090, December, 2013. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of storage temperature on shelf life of standardized buffalo milk Ujani basundi

Gaikwad S. M.¹* and Hembade A. S.²

¹Department of Dairy Science, Shivneri College, Shirur Anantpal, District Latur (M.S), India.

²Department of Dairy Science, Yeshwant College, Nanded (M.S.) India.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 24 October, 2013

Abstract

The effects of storage of buffalo milk Ujani basundi, incorporated with or without potassium sorbate (0.1% w/w) and with or without cardamom (0.1% w/w) under ambient (30±1°C) and refrigerated temperature (5±1°C) over a period of 20 days were s tudied. The physicochemical as well as sensory quality of stored product samples were studied. The stored product samples at refrigerated and ambient temperature with potassium sorbate gave shelf life up to 20 and 10 days respectively. The product stored with cardamom gave best flavor score in both the temperature.

Key words: Shelf life, Ujani basundi, flavor, cardamom, refrigerated temperature.