International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health ISSN 2756-3871 Vol. 12(4), April, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Emerging infectious diseases in veterinary practice: Challenges and solutions

Abstract:

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose significant challenges to veterinary practice, requiring effective solutions to mitigate their impact. This paper aims to explore the challenges faced by veterinary professionals in managing EIDs and propose potential solutions. The study highlights the importance of understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and transmission dynamics of emerging pathogens in order to develop appropriate preventive measures and control strategies. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for enhanced surveillance systems and rapid diagnostic tools to facilitate early detection and prompt response to EID outbreaks. Furthermore, the paper discusses the role of vaccination programs, biosecurity measures, and public awareness campaigns in preventing and controlling the spread of EIDs in veterinary practice. Lastly, it addresses the importance of collaboration between veterinary professionals, public health agencies, and other stakeholders in effectively addressing the challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases.

Keywords: Emerging infectious diseases, veterinary practice, challenges, solutions, epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission dynamics, preventive measures, control strategies, surveillance systems, rapid diagnostics, vaccination programs, biosecurity measures, public awareness campaigns, collaboration.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 11 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence, cyst characterization and economic importance of bovine hydatidosis in Mekelle municipality abattoir, Northern Ethiopia

G. Dawit^1,2, A. Adem⁴, K. Simenew^1,3* and Z. Tilahun¹

¹College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia.

²College of Agriculture, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia.

³School of Agricultural Sciences, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia.

⁴College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Ethiopia.

Accepted 07 January, 2019

Abstract

A cross-sectional survey of bovine hydatidosis was carried out on 840 local zebu cattle slaughtered at Mekelle municipal abattoir to determine the prevalence, fertility of hydatid cysts and to assess economic loss. The total prevalence rate was found to be 28.09% at the study period of 8 months from October to May. Observation during the survey period also revealed that the infection rate among different age groups of examined animals were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05), with the highest in old aged cattle (31.98%) followed by adult (21.63%) and young (17.65%). There was statistically significant difference between infection rate and body condition score of the animals with 37.24% lean, 26.27% medium and 21.64% fat body condition. More than 98% of the infected organs were lungs and livers, with higher prevalence in lungs than liver. Out of the total 949 cyst identified, 65.54% were found in lung, 32.88% in liver, 1.01% in heart and 0.53% in kidney. Four hundred and eighty nine of the cysts were small, 160 were medium, 180 were large and 115 were calcified. The fertile, sterile and calcified cysts were found to be 17.44, 45.27 and 37.29%, respectively. Twenty three percent of the fertile cysts were viable and the rest were not. The total annual economic loss was estimated to be 5,200 US Dollar. Furthermore, attempts were made to correlate the origin of the animal and there was no significance between highland and lowland areas.

Key words: Abattoir, economic loss, hydatidosis, prevalence, zebu cattle.

International Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Vol. 11 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of three Chinese herbal crude polysaccharides on immunoglobulin A secreting cells and serum antibody titers in vaccinated chickens

Yan QIU¹*, Yuan-Liang HU², Fa-Ming DONG¹, De-Yun WANG² and Zhan-Qin ZHAO¹

¹College of Animal Technology, Henan Science and Technology University, Luoyang, 471003, P. R. China.

²College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China.

Accepted 18 December, 2019

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three Chinese herbal crude polysaccharides on immunoglobulin A secreting cells and serum antibody titers in vaccinated chickens. A total of 450 14-day-old chickens were randomly assigned to nine equal groups and all chickens were vaccinated. Concurrent with the first vaccination, chickens in groups 1 to 8 were intramuscularly injected with four crude polysaccharides among which the astragalus polysaccharide (APS) was selected as positive control at high and low doses, and group 9 (control group) with saline once a day for three successive days. The numbers of positive immunoglobulin A (IgA) secreting cells and the serum specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody were determined by immunohistochemistry and micro method. The results showed that the individual administration of any of the three crude polysaccharides could significantly increase the number of IgA secreting cells, and the maximum numbers of increased IgA secreting cells in the cecum tonsil and duodenum in the three polysaccharides groups were 37.7 and 33.5 when compared with the controls, and those of the APS groups were 33.9 and 32.7. These three crude polysaccharides at appropriate doses also significantly enhance anti-Newcastle disease virus antibody titers, and the maximum antibody titer increase in the three polysaccharides groups was 1.6 log₂ when compared with the control group, and those of the APS groups was 1.7 log₂. These findings indicated that the appropriate doses of the three crude polysaccharides possess significant immune enhancing properties of mucosa and humoral immune responses, which have similar effect with astragalus polysaccharide, and may be useful as a new type of immune potentiator during vaccination.

Key words: Chinese herbal crude polysaccharides, vaccine, immunity, chickens.