Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies

Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 2, No. 10, October 2011 | pp. 81–89

DOI: 10.46882/2011/GJPCS/000033

Research Article

Socio-Economic Determinants of Urban Gang Demobilization: A Comparative Case Study of El Salvador

Manuel Zuniga¹

¹Central American University (UCA), San Salvador, El Salvador

Abstract: Structural violence and high youth unemployment drive the proliferation of urban gangs across Central America. This study investigates the socio-economic determinants governing individual gang demobilization decisions within marginalized neighborhoods of San Salvador. Cross-sectional data were gathered through a survey administered to 420 active and former gang members aged 16 to 28. Logistic regression models indicated that receiving a formal, secure job offer paying above minimum wage increased the probability of gang exit by a factor of 2.45 (p < 0.001). Conversely, the presence of punitive state policing strategies (Mano Dura) showed no statistically significant impact on gang exit rates, instead correlating with an 18% increase in gang cohesion within prisons. The quantitative data indicates a mean monthly illicit income among active members of $280 ± $35, highlighting the economic competition formal jobs face. The study underscores that security sector enforcement is ineffective without accessible alternative livelihood pathways for urban youth.

Keywords: gang demobilization, El Salvador, youth violence, economic alternative, punitive policing, urban security

Manuscript Timeline: Received June 18, 2011; Revised August 11, 2011; Accepted September 05, 2011; Published October 19, 2011.

Citation: Zuniga, M. (2011). Socio-Economic Determinants of Urban Gang Demobilization: A Comparative Case Study of El Salvador. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 2(10), 81–89. DOI: 10.46882/2011/GJPCS/000033

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