African Journal of Ecology and Ecosystems

African Journal of Ecology and Ecosystems Vol.  2 (4) pp. 128-142, April, 2015.  © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Environmental behavior and biogeography of endemic types of the class Piper L. in Africa: An instance of the Guineo-Congolean area

*Ephraim Yang, E. V sadou and Mafany Inoni

Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.

E-mail: [email protected] 

Accepted 01 March, 2015

Abstract 

The aim of this study was to establish the ecology and the distribution patterns of the endemics Piper L. in the Guineo-Congolean region including the Lower Guinea, the Higher Guinea, the Congo Basin and the Mosaic of Lake Victoria. The distribution stretches from Senegal to Tanzania. Piper capensis and Piper guineense are both represented in Lower Guinea and Congo Basin; these phytochoria are eco-regions of endemism in Africa. P. guineense, hemi-epiphyte liana, appears mostly in fragmented vegetations. Its distribution is extended up to 1,500 m. P. capensis is mostly abundant between 1,000 to 2,500 m where homogeneous populations are often made in the gaps. Members of P. capensis are dwarves at the level of the understory and rarely attain 1 m in height; however, those from gaps are often between 2 to 3 m. The variation in the height of individuals is closely related to light; a phytosociological study has shown an abundance of herbs within the population of P. capensis. The dwarfism of the individuals in the understory is assigned to an adaptation character of the species. This dwarfism is a consequence of its plagiotropic branches that is beneficial for photosynthesis. The “ late turning green” of leaves save the individuals of the understory from leaf predators; in the gap where the sunlight boosts the process of photosynthesis, certain individuals establish “opportunist” symbiosis with ants. The flowering is related to the humid periods of the year. Fruits are mostly abundant during the dry season.

Key words: Adaptation, distribution, Guineo-Congolean region, Piper, symbiosis.