International Journal of Physics

International Journal of Physics | Vol. 3, No. 6, June 2012 | pp. 43–51

DOI: 10.46882/2012/IJP/000030

Article Type: Review Paper

Title: A Review of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Mechanisms in Extended Electroweak Gauge Theory Models

Names of Authors: R. H. Davies¹, A. O. Okafor²

Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK; ²Department of Physics, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

Abstract: The discovery of a Higgs-like scalar particle marks a milestone in validation testing of the Standard Model's electroweak symmetry breaking sector. This review evaluates the theoretical foundations of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) mechanisms, contrasting the minimal single-doublet Brout-Englert-Higgs model with extended gauge frameworks. We analyze the mathematical architectures of Two-Higgs-Doublet Models (2HDM), Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) extensions, and Left-Right Symmetric theories that address neutrino mass generation. The review tracks how these multi-scalar extensions generate mass profiles for vector bosons and fermions while avoiding flavor-changing neutral currents. We evaluate current constraints imposed by global collider datasets on vacuum stability conditions, oblique parameters (S, T, U), and scalar coupling profiles. While the single-doublet model matches current data, several parameter windows within 2HDM alignment limits remain viable options. We discuss the role of CP-violating phases in extended scalar potentials, which are critical for generating the baryon asymmetry observed in the universe. The paper concludes by outlining search strategies for heavy neutral and charged Higgs scalars at current and upgraded particle accelerator facilities.

Keywords: Spontaneous symmetry breaking; Electroweak theory; Higgs mechanism; Two-Higgs-Doublet model; Vacuum stability; CP violation; Flavor-changing neutral currents; Collider constraints.

Manuscript Timeline: Received: March 01, 2012; Revised: April 15, 2012; Accepted: May 12, 2012; Published: June 09, 2012.

Citation: Davies, R. H., & Okafor, A. O. (2012). A Review of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Mechanisms in Extended Electroweak Gauge Theory Models. International Journal of Physics, 3(6), 43–51.

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